SOSTENIBILIDAD 59 de carbono de la soja es señalada por la FAO de 2,7 kg CO2e, variando de un país a otro. En general, el 59,4% de las emisiones de un kilo de leche se producen en la propia explotación (On-farm) y el 40,5% proceden de fuera de la explotación (Off-farm). Las mayores emisiones Off-farm entre comunidades se producen en las explotaciones de REFERENCIAS • Adom F, Maes A, Workman Ch, Clayton-Nierderman Z, Thoma G, Shonnard D (2012). Regional carbon footprint analysis of dairy feeds for milk production in the USA. International Journal Life Cycle Assessment 17: 520-534. http://doi. org/10.1007/s11367-012-0386-y • Biagini D, Lazzaroni C (2018). Eutrophication risk arising from intensive dairy cattle rearing systems and assessment of the potential effect of mitigation strategies. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 266: 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. agee.2018.07.026 • European Commission (2020) Farm to Fork Strategy: For a fair, healthy and environmentallyfriendly food system. Brussels. • Eurostat (2023). griculture.ec.europa.eu/document/download/a6709f39-b059-468e-8182d9a553029eb9_en?filename=eu-dairy-historicalproduction-stocks-series_en.pdf. • Eurostat 2016. Small and large farms in the EU - statistics from the farm structure survey - Statistics Explained. Retrieved January 5, 2017, from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/ index.php/Small_and_ large_farms_in_the_ EU_-_statistics_from_the_farm_structure_survey • FAO. 2018. Dairy and dairy products. In OECDFAO agricultural outlook 2018–2027. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/docrep/i9166e/ i9166e_ Chapter7_Dairy.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2018. • Foresight (2011). The future of food and farming. London: Government Office for Science. • Freidberg S, (2009). Fresh: A perishable history, 408. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. • Hristov A, Price W, Shafii B. 2004c. A metaanalysis examining the relationship among dietary factors, dry matter intake, and milk yield and milk protein yield in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87:2184–2196. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S00220302(04)70039-9. • Hristov A, Hazen W, Ellsworth J (2006). Efficiency of Use of Imported Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium and Potential for Reducing Phosphorus Imports on Idaho Dairy Farms. J. Dairy Sci. 89:3702–3712. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S00220302(06)72411-0. • IDF (2010). A common carbon footprint approach for the dairy sector. The IDF guide to standard life cycle assessment methodology. Bulletin 445/2010. • PCC (1995). Assessment Climate Change 1995. A report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. • PCC (2007). Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. Chapter 2 in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. • McGregor, A., and D. Houston. 2017. Cattle in the Anthropocene: Four propositions. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 43: 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12193 • Mazzeto A, Falconer S, Ledgard S (2022). Mapping the carbon footprint of milk production from cattle: A systematic review. J. Dairy Sci. 105:9713–9725. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.202222117. • Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, 2021. Anuario de estadística agraria. 1312 pág. • Peterson, C.B., Mitloehner, F.M. (2021) Sustainability of the Dairy Industry: Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities. Front. Anim. Sci. 2:760310. https://doi: 10.3389/fanim.2021.760310. • Pretty, J., Pervez, Z (2018). Sustainable intensification of agriculture. Greening the World’s Food Economy. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781138638044. • Salcedo G, Salcedo-Rodríguez D (2022a). Valoración holística de la sostenibilidad en los sistemas lecheros de la España húmeda. ITEA-Información Técnica Económica Agraria 118(3): 396-426. https://doi.org/10.12706/itea.2021.032. • Salcedo G, Varsaki A, Salcedo-Rodríguez D (2022b). Huella hídrica de las explotaciones lecheras según tipología de alimentación. ITEAInformación Técnica Económica Agraria 118(4): 547-564. https://doi.org/10.12706/itea.2021.040. • Salcedo G, Merino P, Salcedo-Rodríguez D (2024). Assessing the carbon footprint in dairy cattle farms in the northern temperate region of Spain. Farming System 100058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. farsys.2023.100058 • Thoma G, Popp J, Shonnard D, Nutter D, Matlock M, Ulrich R, Kellogg W, Kim DS, Neiderman Z, Kemper N, Adom F, East C (2013) Regional analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from USA dairy farms: a cradle to farm-gate assessment of the American dairy industry circa 2008. International Dairy Journal 31(Suppl. 1), S29-S40. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.09.010. CyL (43,6%) y las menores de 36,7% en Galicia (P < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES La huella de carbono de las explotaciones del Grupo Pascual fue inferior a 1,49 kg CO2e kg-1 para varios países y continentes (Mazzeto et al., 2022) y de 1,3 kg kg-1 para España. Los valores aquí obtenidos fueron similares a Irlanda (1,05 kg); Holanda (1,04 kg), Canadá (1,01 kg); Estados Unidos (0,96 kg); Reino Unido (0,9 kg); Uruguay (0,84 kg) y Nueva Zelanda (0,74 kg). No obstante, caben muchas mejoras de manejo para seguir avanzando en la reducción de emisiones. Algunas sugerencias son indicadas a continuación. n
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy Njg1MjYx