Eólica | Wind Power www.futurenergyweb.es 74 FuturEnergy | Noviembre November 2019 Desarrollo de almacenamiento y tecnología power-to-X: no toda la electricidad generada por la eólica marina se consumirá directamente. Es probable que al menos el 5% y posiblemente hasta el 25% de la electricidad vaya a proyectos power-to-X, principalmente energía a hidrógeno u otros gases. Ampliar la cadena de suministro: la cadena de suministro de la eólica marina requiere la previsión de tasas estables de instalación durante al menos diez años, para tomar decisiones finales de inversión en nuevas plantas de fabricación. Esto permite que las cadenas de suministro de componentes, embarcaciones, servicios portuarios y servicios de O&M amorticen la inversión durante un período razonable. Movilización de inversiones: WindEurope estima que se necesita un aumento de más del triple en CAPEX para parques eólicos marinos y redes de transmisión, de alrededor de 6.000 M€/año en 2020 a más de 21.000M€/año en 2025. Y para la década de 2030 las necesidades de inversión serán alrededor de 45.000 M€/año. Además, el refuerzo de la red terrestre podría ascender a entre 10.000 y 50.000 M€/año. En total, las inversiones superarán el 10% del gasto anual actual en infraestructura en toda Europa. España tiene potencial para instalar 13 GW de eólica marina El informe de WindEurope, indica que en el Mediterráneo y las aguas del sur de Europa sería posible instalar 70 GW de eólica marina. En la potencia que adjudica a cada país o zona, indica que el potencial para España es de 13 GW. En una jornada celebrada recientemente, “Eólica marina: Punta de lanza del desarrollo tecnológico”, que REOLTEC y AEE organizaron en colaboración con CDTI, se puso de manifiesto que en España la eólica marina ha tenido hasta ahora poco desarrollo. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de las soluciones flotantes allana el camino para explotar el gran potencial eólico que existe en España en aguas profundas. Además de ser un referente en eólica terrestre, España cuenta con una industria naval y de ingeniería civil muy potentes, con las que apuntalar el desarrollo de esta tecnología. La industria española está muy bien posicionada para la fabricación y exportación de componentes de eólica marina, como por ejemplo estructuras de anclaje fijas, plataformas flotantes o sistemas de amarre. En España existen varios hubs de desarrollo de esta tecnología que están desarrollando plataformas de ensayo de prototipos, en el norte de España y Canarias principalmente, en las que las empresas nacionales están poniendo a punto prototipos experimentales y proyectos de I+D+i para posicionarse en el mercado. Governments should promote hybrid offshore wind projects with connections to more than one country, in order to pool assets and optimise space. This will require enhanced cooperation between countries. Developing hybrids and the legal framework: Hybrid offshore wind farms with connections to more than one country raise a number of legal issues to which there is currently no clear answer. An EU regulatory framework for offshore hybrids would help clarify the risks, costs and benefits of investing in hybrid assets and create a mechanism for countries to collaborate in the development of such projects. Facilitating system integration: By 2050, the electricity grid will be a converter-based system, with little physical inertia in the system. This could lead to grid stability and balancing challenges that can be resolved by many existing solutions. Industry and transmission system operators would need to cooperate and coordinate on the implementation of such solutions. Developing storage and power-to-x: Not all the electricity generated by offshore wind will be consumed directly. It is likely that at least 5% and possibly up to 25% of the electricity will go into power-to-x, mainly as power-to-hydrogen or other gases. Expanding the supply chain: The offshore wind supply chain requires stable installation rates for at least 10 years to make Final Investment Decisions in new manufacturing plants. This enables the supply chains for components, vessels, ports services and Operation and Maintenance Services (OMS) to amortise their investment over a reasonable period. Mobilising investments: WindEurope estimates that a more than three-fold increase in CAPEX is needed for offshore wind farms and transmission grids, from around €6bn per year in 2020 to more than €21bn per year in 2025. And by the 2030s, the investment needs will be around €45bn yearly. Additionally, onshore grid reinforcement could amount to €10-€50bn per year. In total, investments will represent over 10% of current annual infrastructure spending across Europe. Spain has the potential to install 13 GW of offshore wind power TheWindEurope report indicates that in the Mediterranean and Southern European waters it would be possible to install 70 GW of offshore wind power. From the output awarded to each country or area, Spain has the potential for 13 GW. In a recently held seminar, “Offshore wind power: the starting point for technological development”, organised by REOLTEC and the SpanishWind Energy Association, with the collaboration of the CDTI, it was demonstrated that offshore wind power in Spain to date is under-developed. However, the deployment of floating solutions is paving the way to the exploitation of the huge wind power potential existing in the country’s deep waters. In addition to being a reference in onshore wind, Spain benefits from a very powerful shipbuilding and civil engineering industry that support the development of this technology. Spanish industry is very well positioned as regards the manufacture and export of offshore wind power components, such as fixed anchoring structures, floating platforms and mooring systems. Several hubs to develop this technology already exist in Spain, which are implementing prototype testing platforms, mainly in the north of the country and in the Canary Islands, on which national companies are launching their experimental models and technological R&D+i projects with a view to gaining a foothold in the market. W2POWER, primera plataforma flotante eólica multiturbina, instalada en la costa de Gran Canaria | W2POWER, the first multi-turbine floating wind power platform, installed off the coast of Gran Canaria (Spain). Foto cortesía de | Photo courtesy of: Ingeteam
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